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It has been hypothesized that these dogs have a primary methylmalonic aciduria.6 Of note, hypocobalaminemia is also associated with an increased prevalence of EPI in Border Collies.70 Beagle Hereditary cobalamin malabsorption is reported in Beagle dogs,17, 59, 85, 90 and 2 Beagles with selective cobalamin malabsorption developed degenerative liver disease.83 The hepatopathies seen in these dogs might be associated with the chronic hyperhomocysteinemia which was demonstrated to promote hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in an experimental study in rats.43 Degenerative hepatopathies are also well described in farm animals, especially in lambs and goats with decreased cobalt intake causing hypocobalaminemia, but this etiology has not been reported in dogs with hereditary cobalamin malabsorption.83 Decreased phagocytic activity has been demonstrated in human patients with cobalamin deficiency.91 Cobalamin‐deficient Beagle dogs are suspected to be immunosuppressed, supporting the development of complicating infections such as fungal hepatopathy or necrotizing pneumonia.78, 81, 92 Chinese Shar‐Pei Chinese Shar‐Peis have a high prevalence of cobalamin deficiency compared to other canine breeds.27, 79, 80, 93 Even apparently healthy Chinese Shar‐Peis have increased serum MMA concentrations compared to healthy dogs of other breeds, which led to the hypothesis that some healthy Chinese Shar‐Peis have subclinical cobalamin deficiency.80 Cobalamin deficiency in Chinese Shar‐Peis is also associated with hyperhomocysteinemia.27 Clinical signs of affected dogs reflect primarily an involvement of the GI tract with chronic signs of GI disease such as diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss.93 Classical signs of cobalamin deficiency such as hyperammonemia, hypoglycemia, and seizures are typically lacking in these dogs.79 Hypocobalaminemia in Chinese Shar‐Peis is not associated with other common diseases in this breed such as cutaneous mucinosis or Shar‐Pei fever.93 However, evaluation of several biomarkers of inflammation suggests the existence of an inflammatory phenotype in both hypocobalaminemic and normocobalaminemic Chinese Shar‐Peis.93 This might reflect compromised GI health in affected dogs, with the result of a low‐grade inflammation and malabsorption of vitamins such as cobalamin
